2016四級(jí)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
2016四級(jí)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語法功能： 表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前
二)不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：
1)不定式做定語----將要發(fā)生
2)不定式做狀語----目的
3)不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性;
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
v 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to
I ‘d like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary.
一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)
1)動(dòng)名詞做主語謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞
3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you're calling(Key：C your calling 也對(duì))
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5）有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. (所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。)
I prefer waiting here.(我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。)
I prefer swimming to cycling. (這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前)
3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))
過去分詞
1) 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)
這三種非謂語動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。
二、一致關(guān)系
一)主謂一致
1. 主謂一致(與插入語無關(guān))
1）主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。
2）定語從句中的主謂一致：
3）隨前一致：
n. + together with n2
as well as
including
along with