英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)與閱讀策略：

　　1、說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)

　　說(shuō)明文用平實(shí)的語(yǔ)言客觀地解釋或探討各種問(wèn)題，如機(jī)器的制造過(guò)程、自然或社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因、工程項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃或問(wèn)題的解決方案等等，介紹自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最新成果，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的新生事物等等。

　　2、說(shuō)明順序：時(shí)間順序，空間順序、邏輯順序或認(rèn)識(shí)順序

　　3、說(shuō)明方法：例如舉例、分類法或類比、對(duì)比法，給事物下定義或分析事物產(chǎn)生的原因以及后果。舉例說(shuō)明文使用例子說(shuō)明事物闡明觀點(diǎn);分解展開法著重于事物的區(qū)別、差異，分類展開法則強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的相似之處;類比說(shuō)明事物如何相似，對(duì)比說(shuō)明事物如何不同;因果說(shuō)明文表明事物發(fā)生的原因及結(jié)果。除了用文字說(shuō)明以外，說(shuō)明文中常常使用數(shù)據(jù)、圖片等資料。 無(wú)論采用什么說(shuō)明方法，作者都是為了說(shuō)明事物的本質(zhì)特征、清晰地展現(xiàn)所說(shuō)明的事物。因此，閱讀說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵是：抓住事物的特點(diǎn)，即抓住說(shuō)明對(duì)象的本質(zhì)特征。以“Goals”為題打開一篇說(shuō)明文的思路。

　　參考思路

　　1)目標(biāo)的分類：(可根據(jù)時(shí)間順序，空間順序、邏輯順序或認(rèn)識(shí)順序，任選一個(gè)進(jìn)行分類和排列)

　　2)各個(gè)類別的特點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)：

　　3)組織成文：

　　范文點(diǎn)評(píng)

　　Goals Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term. Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. F or instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation. Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated. Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.

　　【點(diǎn)評(píng)】

　　本文介紹了人生的三種目標(biāo)：終生的、長(zhǎng)期的和短期的目標(biāo)。在文中采用了說(shuō)明文常用的方法：定義、舉例、分類和比較等。

　　對(duì)這些方法我們要了解并且掌握：

　　1. 定義法(definition)

　　定義法是用下定義的方式去揭示事物本質(zhì)特征或概念內(nèi)涵。它能使讀者迅速抓住本質(zhì)屬性和基本特點(diǎn)。

　　此法的句型：①„is a/the „of „which/that „②„relate to/involve/refer to „

　　【例】(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的語(yǔ)音符號(hào)體系。

　　(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. (3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.

　　2. 舉例法(illustration)

　　舉例法就是舉出實(shí)際事例來(lái)說(shuō)明事物的方法，是最常見，往往也是最有效的闡釋模式。專家提醒舉例時(shí)應(yīng)挑選具體、典型且有能力表達(dá)清楚的例子，并注意按照一定的順序編排。

　　請(qǐng)看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的實(shí)例，如，贏得研究獎(jiǎng)金、出版有影響書或文章、獲得大學(xué)的系主任職位、獲得國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金及大公司穩(wěn)定的顧問(wèn)職位。

　　3. 分類法(classification)

　　分類法就是把說(shuō)明的對(duì)象，按一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分成不同類別分別加以說(shuō)明的方法。

　　如：上述范文介紹人生的三種目標(biāo)，并按照時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)終生目標(biāo)、長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)和短期目標(biāo)做了分類說(shuō)明。

　　4. 比較法(comparison)

　　比較法是用一個(gè)事物和與其有聯(lián)系的其他事物加以對(duì)比的說(shuō)明方法。

　　目的是為了幫助讀者準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分事物，通過(guò)對(duì)比達(dá)到對(duì)該事物的深刻認(rèn)識(shí)。

　　如：上述范文對(duì)三種人生目標(biāo)在時(shí)間上和實(shí)際*作上進(jìn)行了比較，并闡明了彼此的聯(lián)系。

　　(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.

　　(2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.

　　(3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.

　　5. 數(shù)字法(statistics)

　　數(shù)字法是運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)表明事物的本質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)確合理的數(shù)據(jù)使文章精確可信。

　　【例】

　　(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent h**e complete upper and lower denture. *y age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.

　　(2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In *ritain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.

　　說(shuō)明文的說(shuō)明方法除上面介紹的常見的幾種以外，還有諸如分項(xiàng)法、列舉法、比喻法及引用法等，只有綜合運(yùn)用多種說(shuō)明方法，才能多角度、多層次地全面、清晰、準(zhǔn)確地展示客觀事物的本來(lái)面貌。

　　說(shuō)明文結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：

　　1 時(shí)態(tài)：多為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　2：條理十分清晰;

　　3 多為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表達(dá)客觀的事物。

　　出題特點(diǎn)：

　　1 信息對(duì)應(yīng)查找;

　　2 標(biāo)題判斷題;

　　3.生詞詞義判斷題;

　　4.代詞指代判斷題;

　　5 讀者對(duì)象判斷

　　★解題要旨：1 通讀全文，把握文章行文特點(diǎn);2 題文對(duì)照，逐一篩選