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tpo26-2閱讀純答案解析

時(shí)間: 炎婷2 英語答案

  tpo26-2閱讀

  B.preventing plants from becoming overheated.

  C.transporting nutrients.

  D.serving as a raw material for photosynthesis.

  2.Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals

  A.produce even more seeds than in a wet year.

  B.do not sprout from their seeds.

  C.bloom much later than in a wet year.

  D.are more plentiful than perennials.

  3.How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?

  A.Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desert plants, and paragraph 3 provides ascientific explanation for these observations.

  B.Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides furtherinformation about one of these categories.

  C.Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3explains one problem with this method of classification.

  D.Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introduces a thirdcategory of plants.

  4.In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously" when there isfavorableprecipitation, the author means that their development will be

  A.sudden.

  B.early.

  C.gradual.

  D.strong and healthy.

  5.The word “countering”in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.eliminating.

  B.making use of.

  C.acting against.

  D.experiencing.

  6.According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that areextraordinarily well developed have

  A.relatively little growth aboveground.

  B.very leafy aboveground structures.

  C.non woody plant tissue resistant to wilting.

  D.water stored within their roots.

  7.The word “assured”(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.pure.

  B.diminished.

  C.guaranteed.

  D.deep.

  8.What do “the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite"(paragraph 4) have in common?

  A.They are always found together.

  B.They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.

  C.They are phreatophytes.

  D.Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils

  9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A.One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known asaestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.

  B.Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing theirmetabolic rate and body temperature.

  C.The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimesinvolves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.

  D.When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known asaestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.

  10.It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desertanimals retreat to

  A.provide shade from the sun.

  B.sometimes become crowded.

  C.are places where supplies of food are plentiful.

  D.leave the animals vulnerable to predators.

  11.According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich copewith hotdesert conditions?

  A.Each of its feathers is very short and dense.

  B.Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.

  C.Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.

  D.It can make its feathers stand up on its back.

  12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The increase in reward stilldid not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves werepressed into services

  The harsh conditions in deserts are in tolerable for most plants and animals. Despite theseconditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a numberof ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plantsare transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; andwater regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because watervapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■【A】Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■【B】The distribution of plantswithin different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■【C】Some areas, because of theirsoil texture,to pographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually nowater available to plants, whereas others do.■【D】

  13.Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctlycharacterize special adaptations found primarily in desert annuals and the threephrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desertperennials. Select each phrase you select in the appropriate column of the table. Thisquestion is worth 3 points.

  A.Woody structures.

  B.Explosive growth in wet years.

  C.Long, thin, shallow roots.

  D.Storage of water in plant tissue.

  E.Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis.

  F.Short life cycle.

  G.Leaves designed to minimize water loss.

  1 )

  Adaptations of Annuals

  A B C D E F G

  2 )

  Adaptations of Perennials

  A B C D E F G

  tpo26-2閱讀純答案解析

  1.A選項(xiàng)的sunlight原文沒有提到,所以錯(cuò)誤,選;B項(xiàng)不容易找,可以找完C和D之后依靠并列在第三句的冒號(hào)之后找到,原文講的是降低溫度,也就是防止overheated,所以B正確,不選;C和D都在第三句的冒號(hào)之后,都正確,不選。

  2.以dry year和ephemeral做關(guān)鍵詞定位至首句,但只看這句話沒有答案,于是看最后一句,講植物種子直到下個(gè)wet year之前都dormant,也就是dry year的時(shí)候它們休眠,所以正確答案是B。注意C有迷惑性,雖然原文提到了wet year,但沒有講干濕年份進(jìn)行比較,所以C錯(cuò);A犯了跟C相同的錯(cuò)誤;D錯(cuò)在原文沒有把ephemeral跟perennial進(jìn)行比較。

  3.問兩段關(guān)系,看開頭。第二段開頭說植物需要適應(yīng)沙漠的干旱環(huán)境,第二句說有兩類;第三段開頭講其中一類,因此應(yīng)該是第二段總述,第三段分述,所以正確答案是B。A錯(cuò)在第三段沒有scientific explanation;C錯(cuò)在第三段不是講分類的問題;D錯(cuò)在第三段講的是第二段兩個(gè)分類中的一個(gè),而不是第三類。

  4.vigorously活潑地,精力旺盛地,所以正確答案是strong。代入,原文說在降水多的時(shí)候,植物怎么生長(zhǎng),這個(gè)憑常識(shí)也知道降水多的時(shí)候植物長(zhǎng)的好吧,不認(rèn)識(shí)precipitation的同學(xué)可以看后面的并列,叫做產(chǎn)生大量的花和果實(shí),還是可以推出長(zhǎng)得好。

  5.countering反,抵御,抵抗,所以正確答案是C。counter本身就表示反對(duì),想想encounter,counteract,counterbalance,還有著名游戲CS。不知道的同學(xué)代入,另外一種怎么樣干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大,地下部分大吸收水分多,是應(yīng)對(duì)干旱的方法。A消除干旱和B利用干旱明顯不通;D經(jīng)歷干旱也不要什么特殊的方法,不對(duì)。

  6.以root systems that are extraordinarily well developed做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第五句,也就是上個(gè)詞匯題的那句,說另外一種抗擊干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大,所以正確答案是A。B剛好說反;C的nonwoody和D的water都不在定位句中。

  7.assured確定的,經(jīng)過證實(shí)的,所以正確答案是guaranteed。詞根是sure,所以肯定與確定有關(guān),pure跟deep就完全不對(duì);不認(rèn)識(shí)diminished的同學(xué)至少看到詞中間有個(gè)mini,跟小或者少有關(guān),所以也不對(duì)。

  8.以date palm, tamarisk and mesqute做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句,這句盡管沒法做答案,但these告訴我們和前句有關(guān),往前看又發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)these,于是繼續(xù)往前,終于讀到倒數(shù)第四句說另一種沙漠植物是ph,所以正確答案是C,其他都沒說。

  9.提取主干,去掉during which從句得到escape的方法包括aestivation。很容易排除B和D,因?yàn)锽說不用aestivation,D說suffer;C最明顯的錯(cuò)誤是減少metabolic rate or body temperature,而原文講的是metabolic rate and body temperature,所以正確答案是A,而且C只講了escape包含叫aestivation的方式。C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的另一個(gè)原因是沒有將involve這層包含關(guān)系講出來。

  10.以desert animals retreat做關(guān)鍵詞定位至首句,說包含兩種方法,一是escape,二是retreat,但接下來的整段都在講escape,沒有retreat的事兒,不知道是不是我的理解有問題,這道題真正的答案應(yīng)該在下一段,下一段第二句開始講retreat,尾句講鳥retreat為了躲避炎熱,哺乳動(dòng)物躲到洞里,也就是說retreat是為了避暑,正確答案是A。如果沒有看到下一段的同學(xué),這段最后一句講escape發(fā)生在炎熱或者干燥的時(shí)期,同樣可以推出躲避陽光,這是個(gè)infer題。

  11.以ostrich做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句和第三句,第三句說當(dāng)炎熱的時(shí)候,ostrich會(huì)豎起它們背上的羽毛,所以正確答案是D。B沒提到feather,錯(cuò);A說feather短,錯(cuò);C的both blabla原文沒說,錯(cuò)。

  12.據(jù)flyjoy童鞋所說,待插入句是“For this reason, the total amount of plant material in a desert isoften 100 times less than the amount of plant material in an equivalent area of temperateforest.”如果是這句,那么以不同的area做過渡點(diǎn),可能的正確答案是B/C/D,但由于for this reason,說明待插入句與前句之間是因果關(guān)系,能夠構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系的只有D選項(xiàng)。感謝flyjoy童鞋提供正確版本。

  13.Annual跟Perennial主要在第二至第四段講到。Woody選項(xiàng)在第二段第二句剛講到分類的時(shí)候,屬于perennial。Explosive選項(xiàng)在第二段最后以及整個(gè)第三段都有講到,盡管不是原詞,但說到一旦降水多就立刻生長(zhǎng)的很好,也就是explosive了,所以屬于annual。Long選項(xiàng)錯(cuò),因?yàn)樵恼fextensive rootnetwork是應(yīng)付干旱的方法,沒講到shallow root。Storage選項(xiàng)同樣在第二段第二句剛講到分類的時(shí)候就說了,屬于perennial。Minimization選項(xiàng)原文完全沒講到,不是任何一個(gè)category的選項(xiàng)。Short選項(xiàng)同樣在第二段第二句剛講到分類的時(shí)候就說了,屬于annual。Leaves選項(xiàng)在第四段第二句,屬于perennial。

  tpo26-2閱讀譯文

  【1】沙漠中的嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境對(duì)于大部分動(dòng)植物來說都是難以忍受的。然而,盡管如此,還是有多樣的動(dòng)植物通過各種方式最終適應(yīng)了沙漠環(huán)境。如果水含量過低,大部分植物組織會(huì)死亡;植物所汲取的養(yǎng)分是通過水分來傳輸?shù)?水分也是光合作用這個(gè)關(guān)鍵過程中的成分;同時(shí),水分通過吸收熱量來調(diào)節(jié)植物體的溫度,因?yàn)樗魵馔ㄟ^葉片蒸騰到空氣中的過程可以幫助植物降低溫度。水分控制著植物物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)出量。沙漠中不同地區(qū)的植物的分布也受水分的控制。在有些地區(qū),因?yàn)橥临|(zhì)、地形位置或者與河流或地下水的距離等因素,幾乎沒有水分提供給植物,而其他一些地方則相反。

  【2】沙漠中植物的特征很大程度上取決于它們對(duì)這種普遍干旱條件的適應(yīng)程度。沙漠地區(qū)的植物大致可以分為兩類:壽命較長(zhǎng)的多年生植物,這類植物一般都是多肉植物(可以儲(chǔ)水),經(jīng)常是比較矮小的木本植物;以及一年生或壽命更短的植物,這類植物生命周期短,可能在降雨后快速而密集地形成。

  【3】那些壽命短的植物“|躲避”干旱。在一個(gè)降雨比較充足的年份中,這類植物會(huì)迅速生長(zhǎng),并且會(huì)大量地開花結(jié)果。如此一來,這類植物的種子會(huì)遍布沙漠。這些種子會(huì)靜靜地休眠直到下一個(gè)雨量較充沛的年份,再次在沙漠中綻放。

  【4】多年生植物會(huì)采用各種躲避機(jī)制以適應(yīng)干旱。大部分的沙漠植物可能最好都被歸類為旱生植物。這類植物進(jìn)化出了抗旱適應(yīng)機(jī)制:覆蓋在蠟質(zhì)葉子層表面的濃密的絨毛,在溫度最高的時(shí)候閉合氣孔,在干旱季初期卷起或脫落葉片都可以減少經(jīng)過葉片的水分的流失。有些旱生植物在植物組織中貯存水分,如多肉植物(包括仙人掌)。另一種抵抗干旱的方法是抑制植物地上部分的生長(zhǎng),轉(zhuǎn)而發(fā)展廣泛的地下根系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。有些多年生沙漠植物的根系可以向下延伸10米多深,這種情況(在沙漠中)并不少見。有些植物是木本植物,這種適應(yīng)機(jī)制可以防止因水壓(下降)產(chǎn)生萎蔫而引起的植物細(xì)胞解體。另一類沙漠植物類別則是地下水濕生植物。這類植物通過繁衍長(zhǎng)的主根來適應(yīng)環(huán)境,這些主根可以向下穿透直達(dá)地下水提供的充足水源。這類植物包括棗椰樹、檉柳以及牧豆樹屬的一些灌木。這類植物通常情況下沿溪流,河道或者是湖泊邊緣分布。

  【5】動(dòng)物也必須要適應(yīng)沙漠環(huán)境,它們通過兩種行為模式來適應(yīng)沙漠:逃離或撤退。逃離包括一些類似于夏眠這樣的行為,這一行為可以使得動(dòng)物們?cè)诳崾铍y耐或炎熱季節(jié)依靠長(zhǎng)期的休眠或蟄伏來降低它們的新陳代謝速率和體溫。

  【6】季節(jié)性遷徙是逃離行為的另一種表現(xiàn)方式,特別是對(duì)于大型哺乳類動(dòng)物和鳥類而言。撤退一詞是用于形容短期的沙漠動(dòng)物逃離行為的,而且這通常被認(rèn)為是一種日常性的節(jié)律模式。鳥類在巢穴、巖石懸垂處、樹叢以及茂密的灌木叢中尋找庇護(hù)以躲避一天當(dāng)中最熱的那幾個(gè)鐘頭,而像更格盧鼠這樣的哺乳動(dòng)物則選擇藏身于地下的洞穴中。

  【7】有些動(dòng)物還具有行為學(xué)、生理學(xué)以及形態(tài)學(xué)(結(jié)構(gòu))上的適應(yīng)機(jī)制,以確保它們可以抵抗極端環(huán)境。例如,鴕鳥的羽毛具有這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)特征:毛很長(zhǎng)但不太濃密。當(dāng)氣溫變熱時(shí),鴕鳥便會(huì)豎起背上的羽毛,因此增加太陽輔射與嬌嫩皮膚之間的屏障的厚度。然而,這些稀疏排列的羽毛同時(shí)也確保了皮膚表面橫向空氣流動(dòng)的進(jìn)行,因此通過對(duì)流達(dá)到散熱的效果。此外,鴕鳥會(huì)根據(jù)太陽的位置謹(jǐn)慎調(diào)整自己的方向,輕輕拍打翅膀以增加對(duì)流的降溫效果。

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