9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?

　　A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.

　　B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.

　　C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.

　　D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.

　　10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

　　A.undoubtedly.

　　B.basically.

　　C.once in a while.

　　D.to some extent.

　　11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is to

　　A.Describe one test of the competing theories.

　　B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.

　　C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.

　　D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.

　　12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.

　　■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.

　　13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

　　A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.

　　B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.

　　C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.

　　D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.

　　E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.

　　F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.

　　G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.

　　1 )

　　Gradualism

　　A B C D E F G

　　2 )

　　punctuated equilibrium

　　A B C D E F G

　　tpo30閱讀第二篇答案

　　1.innumerable是不可計數(shù)的，A是無數(shù)的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重復(fù)的。這個單詞是numerable加否定前綴，很容易就能推出意思來。

　　2.A答案對應(yīng)第一段第二句， B對應(yīng)第一段第三句，D對應(yīng)一段最后一句。C與原文沖突，原文一直在說darwin理論被人們廣泛接受。

　　3.高亮句子的主干部分是斷點平衡論挑戰(zhàn)了原來的漸進(jìn)論，然后解釋了斷點平衡論的內(nèi)容。A選項which修飾不明，容易產(chǎn)生誤解;B選項與原文矛盾，C與原文不符，原文S和N的觀點是change的發(fā)生是without lengthy transition的。D和原文意思相符，并且也包含了所有的主干部分。

　　4.根據(jù)原文，漸進(jìn)論是說物種演變是通過長時間的緩慢改變發(fā)生的;斷點平衡論是說物種演變是短期爆發(fā)的。所以選擇C，進(jìn)化是否是勻速發(fā)生的。

　　5.根據(jù)lack of intermediate fossils定位到第三段倒數(shù)第二句，在往前看一句說，這一情況對于達(dá)爾文學(xué)說是不和的，而達(dá)爾文學(xué)說正是漸進(jìn)論，這一段的最后也說原來的物種突然被替換，而不是漸漸進(jìn)化改變的。所以C符合原文意思。 A與原文第一句破折號后矛盾，原文說這一現(xiàn)象一直被Ignored，B選項原文矛盾，該現(xiàn)象應(yīng)該是反對了達(dá)爾文學(xué)說，支持了物種有長期不改變的論點。D雖然正確但是只是本段的細(xì)節(jié)，不能表達(dá)主題，所以不選。

　　6.Compel本身是強迫，此處作為evidence的形容詞可以延伸為說服力強的。因此答案選B 有說服力的。A是驚奇的，C是有爭議的，D是細(xì)節(jié)的。都不沾邊。另外通過句義可以判斷，前文說馬的進(jìn)化was once 是經(jīng)典的漸進(jìn)論的證明，is now(輕微轉(zhuǎn)折)提了"equally"怎么樣的證據(jù)證明了點斷平衡論，前文既然說對gradual evolution很支持，那么后文出現(xiàn)equally，那應(yīng)該對點斷論也是有力證據(jù)。因此選B。

　　7.對應(yīng)部分在第四段的第二句和第五句，只有D選項沒有出現(xiàn)。

　　8.這一句話說一個怎么樣的單一基因就足以變一個普通飛禽的一對的正常翅為兩對翅膀，所以有推理應(yīng)該是要改變這個基因。所以選C，Alteration是修改，變更，A選項是不完美，B是替換，D是復(fù)制 帶入后都改變了原文的意思。

　　9.根據(jù)Peter Sheldon定位到原文第二句。后面對trilobites進(jìn)行了描述，A選項對應(yīng)了原文第三句，后文又繼續(xù)說沒有明顯的斷點。所以A正確。 B與原文第四句沖突。C與第三句沖突，D原文沒有這種說法。而且上文也表明它符合gradual evolvement。

　　10.occasionally，是偶然偶爾的意思。A是毫無疑問的，B是基本上，C是偶爾有一次。D是在一定程度上。因此應(yīng)該選C。并且上文提出問題說是否有過逐漸進(jìn)化?那么下文給的是一個逐漸進(jìn)化的例子，所以應(yīng)該是在表達(dá)偶爾有一兩個的意思。

　　11.上文說實地勘測會給competing theories提供test，第七段就給了試驗例子，那么就證明是A正確。B與原文沖突，這個例子是支持漸進(jìn)論的。C也不對，理由同上。D與原文目的不符。

　　12.首先句子開頭出現(xiàn)了They，那么我們應(yīng)該能在前文找到一個提到人物的地方，句子又提出environmental condition的作用，那么后文應(yīng)該會出現(xiàn)對這一理論的解釋，那么C是符合的，也可以進(jìn)行代入驗證。

　　13.A斷點平衡論論點為物種變化發(fā)生突然，快速，符合。B對應(yīng)文章第一段第一句話，符合漸進(jìn)論。C與原文第四段第二句矛盾，原文說馬進(jìn)化會變大。不選。D原文第一段第一句，符合漸進(jìn)論。E對應(yīng)原文第三段。符合點斷平衡論。F原文沒提到，不選。G原文最后一段，說漸進(jìn)論應(yīng)該會是環(huán)境比較穩(wěn)定的情況下的進(jìn)化規(guī)則。符合漸進(jìn)論。